Working paper in collaboration with Innovamat Research Lab PISA 2025 Volume I (OECD 2026a) reports that the socioeconomic gap narrowed between 2022 and 2025 because advantaged students declined most — “a new phenomenon of affluent students who struggle academically”. However, this pattern is explained by the changes in how the index of economic, social and […]

What this report does This report assesses the state of equity, or equality of opportunity, in education in Spain and its autonomous communities, based on an original and detailed analysis of the PISA 2025 microdata and a comparison with the 2022 data. Describing and understanding educational equity in depth is highly relevant for a country’s […]

In collaboration with Fundación ‘la Caixa’ and Save the Children ↓ Download the full report Technical annexes: quantitative · qualitative This study seeks to identify and characterise those schools that, in contexts of high social vulnerability, enable their students to progress beyond what would be expected compared with other schools in their surroundings. Two case […]

El sistema de becas universitarias constituye un pilar clave de la política educativa para garantizar la igualdad de oportunidades en el acceso y la permanencia en la universidad. No obstante, a pesar de su relevancia, existe poca evidencia sobre su efectividad en España: diferentes análisis señalan que los estudiantes beneficiarios de beca tienden a obtener […]

This study proposes the most in-depth and detailed analysis of gender inequality in STEM fields in Spain to date. Distinctively, we focus on areas with a significant emphasis on mathematics, where the most pronounced gaps occur; we cover everything from basic education, thanks to the latest PISA results, to the professional career, for which we […]

Key Data The gaps in educational outcomes in Spain have tended to remain stable or increase after the pandemic:   → One out of every six points of difference between students in PISA mathematics scores can be explained by socioeconomic inequality, a degree similar to 2018.   → Students from a low socioeconomic background are almost 4 […]

Key ideas → At EsadeEcPol we have carried out a new analysis of household school spending that is more comprehensive and rigorous than existing ones. → Average spending per pupil on school supplies is €328 in Primary, €398 in Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) and €474 in Bachillerato (upper secondary). → Textbooks and IT equipment are […]

In recent years the average grade in Selectividad, Spain’s university entrance exam, has risen from 8.75 out of 14 in 2015/2016 to 10.34 in 2021/2022. This increase can be seen in all regions. The most common hypothesis in public debate to explain this rise is that it is artificial: students know less and less, and […]