This report analyses the state of Shadow Education (SE) in Spain using the latest available wave of the National Statistics Institute’s (INE) Household Education Expenditure Survey (EGHE 2023/24) and compares it with the immediately preceding available wave (2019/20), analysed in detail in the EsadeEcPol report by Moreno and Martínez (2023). We find that aggregate spending […]

In recent years the average grade in Selectividad, Spain’s university entrance exam, has risen from 8.75 out of 14 in 2015/2016 to 10.34 in 2021/2022. This increase can be seen in all regions. The most common hypothesis in public debate to explain this rise is that it is artificial: students know less and less, and […]

According to the 2019/2020 Household Education Spending Survey (EGHE), the size of the Shadow Education (SE) market in Spain is even larger than estimated by the Household Budget Survey (EPF) for the same year, presented in Moreno’s EsadeEcPol report in January 2022. Based on this new survey, also from the INE, total spending amounted to […]

Fundación Vodafone España and Haz, la Alianza por la Educación set the working group the central objective of exploring the competency-based curriculum and its effective implementation and assessment in Spain. This exercise was carried out through 8 online sessions held between April and September 2021, organised by Fundación Vodafone España and the Center for Economic […]

Spending on shadow education (SE) has grown in Spain regardless of the economic context: its volume tripled between 2006 (€246M) and 2017 (€732M), coinciding with the Great Recession. Demand appears to be inelastic, and would de facto be turning what was a luxury good into an essential good. The relationship between SE and schooling was […]