According to the 2019\/2020 Household Education Spending Survey (EGHE), the size of the Shadow Education (SE) market in Spain is even larger than estimated by the Household Budget Survey (EPF) for the same year, presented in Moreno’s EsadeEcPol report in January 2022. Based on this new survey, also from the INE, total spending amounted to 1.7 billion euros, and the aggregate share of students who took private tutoring was 47 percent: 46.5 percent of students in the public network and 50.1 percent in the state-subsidised network. SE is a well-established market at all school stages, compulsory and non-compulsory, but with a particularly high volume among ESO and Bachillerato students (above 60 percent). Average spending per student on SE amounted to \u20ac270 per school year, with the highest in the Community of Madrid, at \u20ac350 on average, and the lowest in Castilla-La Mancha, at \u20ac153.<\/p>\n
The differences in results between the EPF and the EGHE on the size of the private tutoring market are essentially due to the fact that the EGHE is more precise and complete: the EGHE properly captures spending on private lessons in non-formal arts education, as well as spending on lessons in languages that are minor or even marginal in the school curriculum, both categories that the EPF omits. In addition, the very design of the EPF biases downwards the estimate of the size of SE because of the short period of household participation; the EGHE, by contrast, collects information on spending on private tutoring throughout the whole year.<\/p>\n
Shadow Education continues to be an investment that sets the richest households apart, but it has also spread strongly among families at the lower end of the spending distribution. The percentage of students receiving private tutoring in Spain is very considerable across all households with school-age children \u2013 with a floor of 30 percent in the households with the fewest resources and a ceiling above 60 percent in those with the most \u2013. In both the public and state-subsidised networks, average spending per student in the richest households is three times that of the poorest households.<\/p>\n
Of every three euros spent on private tutoring in Spain, two go on broadening and enrichment and one on support and catching up. Assuming that both language and arts lessons are related to the \u201cbroadening and enrichment\u201d function of Shadow Education, and understanding that lessons in the other curriculum subjects are mostly for \u201csupport and catching up\u201d, the conclusion is that Spain is in line with the global trend of increasing spending on that function.<\/p>\n
Languages account for 46 percent of spending on private tutoring and are the number one priority in Spanish families’ spending on Shadow Education. This is especially evident among families who send their children to private and state-subsidised schools, but also quite clear among families who opt for public schools. The more resources a family has, the more it spends on language lessons.<\/p>\n
Spending on Shadow Education in Early Childhood and Primary Education is similar in the public and state-subsidised networks, and even in the private network, both in terms of average spending per student and the type of private lessons. However, in ESO and Bachillerato, spending per student is 50 percent higher in state-subsidised schools than in public ones, and three times higher in private schools. Another notable difference lies in the share devoted to private lessons in core curriculum subjects: while it is practically non-existent among students in private schools, it reaches 30 percent of the total in the state-subsidised network, and slightly more than 40 percent among students in public schools, where it is the most important spending category.<\/p>\n
The size of the Shadow Education market in Spain has grown relentlessly so far this century and represents an increasingly important share of private spending on education (almost 15 percent in 2021). According to the 2021 EPF, however, what the Great Recession did not achieve \u2013 halting the dizzying pace of spending growth that began in 2009 \u2013 the post-pandemic economic crisis appears to be achieving. It is essential to monitor this market systematically, and therefore to include specific Shadow Education indicators in the national system of education indicators. In addition, research into its effects on educational quality and equality, as well as into the factors accelerating its growth, should be considered a priority.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
According to the 2019\/2020 Household Education Spending Survey (EGHE), the size of the Shadow Education (SE) market in Spain is even larger than estimated by the Household Budget Survey (EPF) for the same year, presented in Moreno’s EsadeEcPol report in January 2022. Based on this new survey, also from the INE, total spending amounted to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":9186,"template":"","acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n