{"id":12043,"date":"2025-03-25T00:01:31","date_gmt":"2025-03-24T23:01:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/webecpol.esade.edu\/publicaciones\/the-state-of-the-teaching-profession-in-spain-an-analysis-based-on-data-about-the-situation-of-teachers-and-policies-that-can-contribute-to-strengthening-the-profession\/"},"modified":"2025-03-21T12:23:01","modified_gmt":"2025-03-21T11:23:01","slug":"the-state-of-the-teaching-profession-in-spain-an-analysis-based-on-data-about-the-situation-of-teachers-and-policies-that-can-contribute-to-strengthening-the-profession","status":"publish","type":"publicaciones","link":"http:\/\/webecpol.esade.edu\/en\/publications\/the-state-of-the-teaching-profession-in-spain-an-analysis-based-on-data-about-the-situation-of-teachers-and-policies-that-can-contribute-to-strengthening-the-profession\/","title":{"rendered":"The state of the teaching profession in Spain: An analysis based on data about the situation of teachers and policies that can contribute to strengthening the profession"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Teachers<\/span> are <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>most<\/span> decisive <\/span>school<\/span> factor <\/span>for<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>quality<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>education<\/span> <\/span>systems<\/span>. In <\/span>Spain<\/span>, <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>teaching<\/span> <\/span>profession<\/span> <\/span>is<\/span> at a <\/span>critical<\/span> <\/span>juncture<\/span>, <\/span>shaping<\/span> <\/span>education<\/span> <\/span>for<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>coming<\/span> <\/span>decades<\/span>. <\/span>Recent<\/span> data show <\/span>an<\/span> <\/span>increase<\/span> in fatigue, <\/span>feelings<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>isolation<\/span>, and <\/span>dissatisfaction<\/span> <\/span>among<\/span> a <\/span>portion<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span>. <\/span>This<\/span> <\/span>report<\/span> explores <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>state<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>teaching <\/span><\/span>profession<\/span> in <\/span>Spain<\/span> <\/span>over<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>past<\/span> 25 <\/span>years<\/span>. <\/span>Using<\/span> <\/span>updated<\/span> data <\/span>from<\/span> <\/span>national<\/span> and <\/span>international<\/span> <\/span>surveys<\/span>, <\/span>it<\/span> examines <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>worsening<\/span> social <\/span>conditions<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>students<\/span>, <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>evolution<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span>‘ <\/span>working<\/span> <\/span>conditions<\/span>, and <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>difficulties<\/span> <\/span>faced<\/span> <\/span>by<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>education<\/span> <\/span>system<\/span> in <\/span>attracting<\/span>, <\/span>supporting<\/span>, and <\/span>fostering<\/span> <\/span>professional<\/span> <\/span>development<\/span> <\/span>among<\/span> <\/span>talented<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

The<\/span> <\/span>growing<\/span> <\/span>complexity<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>student<\/span> <\/span>populations<\/span> <\/span>is<\/span> a real <\/span>phenomenon<\/span> <\/span>explained<\/span> <\/span>by<\/span> <\/span>various<\/span> <\/span>reasons<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2192 Child <\/span>poverty<\/span> has <\/span>risen<\/span> <\/span>by<\/span> 5 <\/span>percentage<\/span> <\/span>points<\/span> <\/span>since<\/span> 2018, <\/span>while<\/span> <\/span>overall<\/span> <\/span>population<\/span> <\/span>poverty<\/span> has <\/span>declined<\/span> and <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>economy<\/span> has <\/span>grown<\/span>.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2192 The<\/span> <\/span>proportion<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>students<\/span> <\/span>with<\/span> <\/span>migrant<\/span> <\/span>backgrounds<\/span> has <\/span>significantly<\/span> <\/span>increased<\/span>, <\/span>reaching<\/span> 32% in <\/span>fourth<\/span> grade <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>primary<\/span> <\/span>school<\/span> in 2023.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2192 A crisis in <\/span>well-being<\/span> and mental <\/span>health<\/span> <\/span>is<\/span> <\/span>also<\/span> notable, <\/span>with<\/span> <\/span>an<\/span> <\/span>increase<\/span> <\/span>from<\/span> 11% <\/span>to<\/span> 20% <\/span>between<\/span> 2018 and 2022 <\/span>of<\/span> 15-year-olds <\/span>experiencing<\/span> <\/span>anxiety<\/span> <\/span>weekly<\/span>.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2192 The<\/span> <\/span>classroom<\/span> <\/span>learning<\/span> <\/span>climate<\/span> has <\/span>also<\/span> <\/span>deteriorated<\/span> in <\/span>both<\/span> <\/span>primary<\/span> and <\/span>secondary<\/span> <\/span>education<\/span>.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Teachers<\/span>‘ <\/span>working<\/span> <\/span>conditions<\/span> are <\/span>generally<\/span> <\/span>good<\/span>, <\/span>although<\/span> <\/span>they<\/span> <\/span>have<\/span> <\/span>worsened<\/span> in <\/span>some<\/span> <\/span>areas<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2192 Salaries <\/span>dropped<\/span> <\/span>during<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> Great <\/span>Recession<\/span> <\/span>but<\/span> <\/span>have<\/span> <\/span>since<\/span> <\/span>recovered<\/span>, <\/span>aligned<\/span> <\/span>with<\/span> <\/span>other<\/span> <\/span>professions<\/span>.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2192 While<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>number<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>teaching<\/span> <\/span>hours<\/span> <\/span>is<\/span> similar <\/span>to<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> OECD <\/span>average<\/span>, <\/span>the<\/span> more <\/span>compressed<\/span> <\/span>school<\/span> calendar <\/span>creates<\/span> <\/span>daily<\/span> <\/span>pressures<\/span>.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2192 The<\/span> <\/span>rate<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>temporary<\/span> <\/span>contracts<\/span> <\/span>is<\/span> <\/span>high<\/span> and <\/span>regressive<\/span>: in 2018, 34% <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span> in <\/span>the<\/span> 25% <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>schools<\/span> <\/span>serving<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>most<\/span> vulnerable <\/span>students<\/span> <\/span>had<\/span> <\/span>been<\/span> <\/span>working<\/span> at <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>same<\/span> <\/span>school<\/span> <\/span>for<\/span> <\/span>less<\/span> <\/span>than<\/span> <\/span>three<\/span> <\/span>years<\/span>, <\/span>compared<\/span> <\/span>to<\/span> <\/span>only<\/span> 15% in <\/span>schools<\/span> <\/span>serving<\/span> <\/span>fewer<\/span> vulnerable <\/span>students<\/span>.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

The<\/span> <\/span>lack<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>policies<\/span> <\/span>focused<\/span> <\/span>on<\/span> <\/span>teaching<\/span> staff <\/span>is<\/span> <\/span>negatively<\/span> <\/span>impacting<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>attractiveness<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>profession<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2192\u00a0Spain<\/span> <\/span>is<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> OECD country <\/span>where<\/span> <\/span>secondary<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span> <\/span>feel<\/span> <\/span>least<\/span> <\/span>prepared<\/span> <\/span>to<\/span> <\/span>teach<\/span> in <\/span>contexts<\/span> <\/span>with<\/span> diverse <\/span>learning<\/span> <\/span>levels<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2192\u00a0<\/span>In <\/span>early<\/span> <\/span>childhood<\/span> and <\/span>primary<\/span> <\/span>education<\/span>, <\/span>teachers<\/span>‘ <\/span>competencies<\/span> in <\/span>mathematics<\/span> and <\/span>reading<\/span> are <\/span>lower<\/span> <\/span>than<\/span> in <\/span>secondary<\/span> <\/span>education<\/span>, <\/span>while<\/span> <\/span>admission<\/span> grades <\/span>for<\/span> <\/span>teaching<\/span> <\/span>degrees<\/span> (Magisterio) <\/span>have<\/span> <\/span>barely<\/span> <\/span>increased<\/span>, <\/span>coinciding<\/span> <\/span>with<\/span> <\/span>lower<\/span> salaries in <\/span>early<\/span> <\/span>childhood<\/span> and <\/span>primary<\/span> <\/span>education<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2192\u00a0<\/span>At <\/span>all<\/span> <\/span>levels<\/span>, a culture <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>isolation<\/span> <\/span>persists<\/span>, <\/span>preventing<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span> <\/span>from<\/span> <\/span>learning<\/span> <\/span>from<\/span> <\/span>each<\/span> <\/span>other<\/span>: <\/span>only<\/span> 34.1% <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span> <\/span>experience<\/span> <\/span>classroom<\/span> <\/span>observation<\/span> <\/span>by<\/span> more <\/span>experienced<\/span> <\/span>colleagues<\/span>, <\/span>compared<\/span> <\/span>to<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> OECD <\/span>average<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> 81.4%.<\/span><\/p>\n

Addressing<\/span> <\/span>this<\/span> <\/span>professional<\/span> crisis and <\/span>providing<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span> <\/span>with<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>support<\/span> and <\/span>tools<\/span> <\/span>to<\/span> <\/span>meet<\/span> <\/span>current<\/span> <\/span>challenges<\/span> <\/span>requires<\/span> <\/span>tackling<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>three<\/span> <\/span>factors<\/span> <\/span>that<\/span> <\/span>have<\/span> led <\/span>to<\/span> <\/span>this<\/span> <\/span>situation<\/span>. In 2023, <\/span>only<\/span> 24% <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span> <\/span>claimed<\/span> <\/span>to<\/span> <\/span>remain<\/span> <\/span>enthusiastic<\/span> <\/span>despite<\/span> <\/span>difficulties<\/span>, <\/span>significantly<\/span> <\/span>down<\/span> <\/span>from<\/span> 60% in 2007. <\/span>Simultaneously<\/span>, <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>proportion<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span> <\/span>who<\/span> <\/span>say<\/span> <\/span>they<\/span> <\/span>view<\/span> <\/span>their<\/span> <\/span>profession<\/span> <\/span>with<\/span> a <\/span>certain<\/span> <\/span>distance<\/span> has <\/span>surged<\/span> <\/span>from<\/span> 2% <\/span>to<\/span> 38% <\/span>during<\/span> <\/span>this<\/span> <\/span>period<\/span>. <\/span>This<\/span> <\/span>situation<\/span> <\/span>demands<\/span> <\/span>addressing<\/span> <\/span>simultaneously<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>three<\/span> <\/span>challenges<\/span> <\/span>analyzed<\/span> in <\/span>this<\/span> <\/span>report<\/span>: <\/span>student<\/span> <\/span>conditions<\/span>, <\/span>teachers<\/span>‘ <\/span>working<\/span> <\/span>conditions<\/span>, and <\/span>especially<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>implementation<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> a <\/span>truly<\/span> <\/span>attractive<\/span> <\/span>professional<\/span> <\/span>career<\/span>. <\/span>Four<\/span> <\/span>specific<\/span> <\/span>measures<\/span> are <\/span>proposed<\/span>:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. <\/span>Develop<\/span> <\/span>an<\/span> <\/span>annual<\/span> <\/span>program<\/span> <\/span>providing<\/span> socio-<\/span>emotional<\/span> <\/span>support<\/span> and <\/span>individualized<\/span> <\/span>reinforcement<\/span> in <\/span>mathematics<\/span> and <\/span>reading<\/span> <\/span>for<\/span> <\/span>low-performing<\/span> and more vulnerable <\/span>students<\/span>, <\/span>valued<\/span> at \u20ac1.2 <\/span>billion<\/span> <\/span>annually<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. <\/span>Ensure<\/span> <\/span>greater<\/span> <\/span>stability<\/span> <\/span>among<\/span> <\/span>teaching<\/span> staff in <\/span>educational<\/span> centers <\/span>to<\/span> <\/span>enhance<\/span> <\/span>their<\/span> <\/span>functioning<\/span>, <\/span>improve<\/span> <\/span>student<\/span> <\/span>learning<\/span>, and <\/span>improve<\/span> <\/span>initial<\/span> <\/span>working<\/span> <\/span>conditions<\/span> <\/span>for<\/span> <\/span>early<\/span> <\/span>childhood<\/span> and <\/span>primary<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. <\/span>Raise<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>prestige<\/span> and <\/span>attractiveness<\/span> <\/span>of<\/span> <\/span>teaching<\/span> <\/span>degrees<\/span>, <\/span>enhance<\/span> <\/span>initial<\/span> <\/span>pedagogical<\/span> training <\/span>for<\/span> <\/span>secondary<\/span> <\/span>school<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span>, and <\/span>establish<\/span> a <\/span>residency-type<\/span> training <\/span>program<\/span> (“MIR”) <\/span>for<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span> <\/span>that<\/span> raises <\/span>entry<\/span> <\/span>requirements<\/span> in <\/span>exchange<\/span> <\/span>for<\/span> more <\/span>attractive<\/span> <\/span>conditions<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. <\/span>Implement<\/span> a <\/span>voluntary<\/span> <\/span>evaluation<\/span> and incentive <\/span>system<\/span> <\/span>that<\/span> <\/span>promotes<\/span> <\/span>teachers<\/span>‘ <\/span>professional<\/span> <\/span>growth<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Teachers are the most decisive school factor for the quality of education systems. In Spain, the teaching profession is at a critical juncture, shaping education for the coming decades. Recent data show an increase in fatigue, feelings of isolation, and dissatisfaction among a portion of teachers. 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In Spain, the teaching profession is at a critical juncture, shaping education for the coming decades. Recent data show an increase in fatigue, feelings of isolation, and dissatisfaction among a portion of teachers. This report explores the state of the teaching profession […]","og_url":"http:\/\/webecpol.esade.edu\/en\/publications\/the-state-of-the-teaching-profession-in-spain-an-analysis-based-on-data-about-the-situation-of-teachers-and-policies-that-can-contribute-to-strengthening-the-profession\/","og_site_name":"Center for Economic Policy - EsadeEcPol","article_modified_time":"2025-03-21T11:23:01+00:00","og_image":[{"width":969,"height":703,"url":"http:\/\/webecpol.esade.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Captura-de-pantalla-2025-03-18-a-las-15.59.12.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@esadeecpol","twitter_misc":{"Estimated reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"http:\/\/webecpol.esade.edu\/en\/publications\/the-state-of-the-teaching-profession-in-spain-an-analysis-based-on-data-about-the-situation-of-teachers-and-policies-that-can-contribute-to-strengthening-the-profession\/","url":"http:\/\/webecpol.esade.edu\/en\/publications\/the-state-of-the-teaching-profession-in-spain-an-analysis-based-on-data-about-the-situation-of-teachers-and-policies-that-can-contribute-to-strengthening-the-profession\/","name":"The state of the teaching profession in Spain: An analysis based on data about the situation of teachers and policies that can contribute to strengthening the profession - 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