{"id":11219,"date":"2024-03-12T00:01:05","date_gmt":"2024-03-11T23:01:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/webecpol.esade.edu\/publicaciones\/que-sabemos-sobre-el-uso-de-los-permisos-de-paternidad-en-espana\/"},"modified":"2024-04-02T16:21:13","modified_gmt":"2024-04-02T14:21:13","slug":"que-sabemos-sobre-el-uso-de-los-permisos-de-paternidad-en-espana","status":"publish","type":"publicaciones","link":"http:\/\/webecpol.esade.edu\/en\/publications\/que-sabemos-sobre-el-uso-de-los-permisos-de-paternidad-en-espana\/","title":{"rendered":"What do we know about the use of paternity leave in Spain?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In recent years, paternity leave <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">permi<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">ts <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">in Spain ha<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">ve<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">s<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> been progressively extended <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">until <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">to<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> becom<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">ing<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">most <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">generous<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> ones<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> in the OECD. Since 2021, paternity leave in Spain is 16 weeks<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">matching <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> length <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">maternity <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">leave. <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">This level has been achieved through successive reforms that have increased the length of leave from 2 weeks before 2017 to the current 16 weeks. In addition, since 2021, paternity leave <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">has been<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">is<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">non-transferable and the first six weeks are mandatory. From the seventh week, the leave can be split<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">alternating with periods of return to work, during the first year of the child&#8217;s life.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">The main objective of these reforms is <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">to <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">promote gender <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">equality <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">in the labor market and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">in <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">childcare. To assess the extent to <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">which <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">these objectives have been achieved<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, we analyze how the behavior of fathers and mothers has changed <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">after <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the different leave extensions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">This study was made possible thanks to the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">administrative data of all maternity and paternity leave processes enjoyed between <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">January <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">2016 and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">March 2019<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, and of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Birth and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Child Care<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">Childcare<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> allowance<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">\/subsidy<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> from <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">April <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">2019 <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">until January 2022<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">provided by the National Institute of Social Security (INSS) and the General Treasury of Social Security (TGSS).\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">In the present analysis<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> we found that:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">As the generosity of paternity leave has <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">increased <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">spread<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, men have reacted by taking <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">almost <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">all of<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">available weeks.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">During the years when <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">fathers <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">could transfer weeks of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">their <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">leave to <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">mothers <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">(up to 4 weeks in 2019 and up to 2 in 2020), the average length of maternal leave remained at 16 weeks, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">suggesting that fathers enjoyed almost <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">all of<\/span> <span data-contrast=\"none\">all<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> their leave weeks.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">The introduction of the option to split the permit into several periods is causing important changes in behavior:\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Prior to the introduction of the possibility of splitting <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">leave, fathers took 100% of their leave at the same time as the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">mothers<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">mother<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">. Today, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">only <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">50% of fathers take all <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">of<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> their leave at the same time as the mother.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Currently, on average, 12 of the 16 weeks of leave <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">&#8211; 75% &#8211; <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">enjoyed by fathers of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">children <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">born since January 2021 are being taken simultaneously with the mother.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">In April 2019, just over 20% of fathers split their leave. Among men who became fathers since January 2021, more than 50% do so<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">and they <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">usually opt for an initial period of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">about seven <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">weeks together with the mother, and successive periods <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">that they <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">usually enjoy once <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the maternity leave is over. This results in an increase in the total time that children can be <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">under <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">in<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> the care of one of their parents.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">There are significant variations in the percentage of fathers who decide to split the leave depending on their autonomous community of residence or <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">economic <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">sector <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">of work<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">By <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">autonomous communities<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">: in the Canary Islands, Andalusia<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> and Extremadura only 35-45% of fathers split the leave, compared to 70% in Navarre, La Rioja<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> and the Basque Country.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">By <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">economic sector<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">: <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the hotel and catering<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> and agriculture sectors have the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">lowest rates of <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">leave<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> splitting<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> leave permits<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">while <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">in the information and communication <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">sector<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, as well as in <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">financial and professional activities <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">sector<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, more than 70% of fathers choose to <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">split their leave<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">. This suggests that <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">splitting leave is a more common practice in <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">more competitive sectors <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">with <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">more highly educated workers.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335572071&quot;:0,&quot;335572072&quot;:0,&quot;335572073&quot;:0,&quot;335572075&quot;:0,&quot;335572076&quot;:0,&quot;335572077&quot;:0,&quot;335572079&quot;:0,&quot;335572080&quot;:0,&quot;335572081&quot;:0,&quot;335572083&quot;:0,&quot;335572084&quot;:0,&quot;335572085&quot;:0,&quot;335572087&quot;:0,&quot;335572088&quot;:0,&quot;335572089&quot;:0,&quot;469789798&quot;:&quot;nil&quot;,&quot;469789802&quot;:&quot;nil&quot;,&quot;469789806&quot;:&quot;nil&quot;,&quot;469789810&quot;:&quot;nil&quot;,&quot;469789814&quot;:&quot;nil&quot;}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-ccp-border-between=\"0px none #000000\" data-ccp-padding-between=\"0px\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">These patterns suggest that the distribution of leave time is influenced by factors such as the educational level or income of the parents, or employment characteristics, such as the acceptability or ease of splitting <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">leave<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;335572071&quot;:0,&quot;335572072&quot;:0,&quot;335572073&quot;:0,&quot;335572075&quot;:0,&quot;335572076&quot;:0,&quot;335572077&quot;:0,&quot;335572079&quot;:0,&quot;335572080&quot;:0,&quot;335572081&quot;:0,&quot;335572083&quot;:0,&quot;335572084&quot;:0,&quot;335572085&quot;:0,&quot;335572087&quot;:0,&quot;335572088&quot;:0,&quot;335572089&quot;:0,&quot;469789798&quot;:&quot;nil&quot;,&quot;469789802&quot;:&quot;nil&quot;,&quot;469789806&quot;:&quot;nil&quot;,&quot;469789810&quot;:&quot;nil&quot;,&quot;469789814&quot;:&quot;nil&quot;}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">The differences in the average duration of paternity leave between sectors or Autonomous Regions are generally less than one week. Sectors with a higher percentage of occupations with a low level of education (e.g., agriculture, industry, construction, transportation, or commerce) have a somewhat shorter average duration than those sectors with a higher percentage of occupations with a higher level of education (such as education or health).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Currently, only 4.5% of fathers choose to take the non-mandatory weeks of paternity leave part-time, i.e. combined with employment. <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">We believe that the fact that in Spain fathers are enjoying on average almost all the weeks available <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">(<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">something that is not necessarily the norm in our neighboring countries) is due to the combination of three factors: <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the fact that they <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">are not transferable to the other parent<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">; <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the generosity of their remuneration (100% of salary)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">; <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">the obligatory nature of the first six weeks after the birth of the child.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Still<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">,<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> 75% (on average, 12 out of 16 weeks) of paternity leave is taken <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">while the mother is also at home<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">. Although there is evidence that the father&#8217;s presence at home in the first months after childbirth can have positive effects on the mother&#8217;s health, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">this trend <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">may also limit the positive effect of the policy in increasing fathers&#8217; involvement in childcare.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"none\">We conclude that more research is needed to assess the impact of these reforms <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">on the promotion of gender equality<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">. Existing evidence points to mixed results regarding the impact <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">of<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">on<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\"> the gender gap in the labor market, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">several studies find an increase in fathers&#8217; <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">involvement <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">in childcare. It is also important to note that<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">, as other <\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">studies suggest, some effects associated with these effects may manifest themselves in the longer term or among future generations.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In recent years, paternity leave permits in Spain haves been progressively extended until to becominge the most generous ones in the OECD. Since 2021, paternity leave in Spain is 16 weeks, matching the length of maternity leave. This level has been achieved through successive reforms that have increased the length of leave from 2 weeks [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":11182,"template":"","yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What do we know about the use of paternity leave in Spain? - Center for Economic Policy - EsadeEcPol<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/webecpol.esade.edu\/en\/publications\/que-sabemos-sobre-el-uso-de-los-permisos-de-paternidad-en-espana\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What do we know about the use of paternity leave in Spain? - Center for Economic Policy - EsadeEcPol\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In recent years, paternity leave permits in Spain haves been progressively extended until to becominge the most generous ones in the OECD. Since 2021, paternity leave in Spain is 16 weeks, matching the length of maternity leave. 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