{"id":6535,"date":"2022-01-10T09:27:17","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T08:27:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/webecpol.esade.edu\/?p=6535"},"modified":"2022-01-10T09:27:17","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T08:27:17","slug":"the-european-parliaments-proposal-on-carbon-pricing-cbam-bottlenecks-positive-aspects-and-what-it-does-not-resolve","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/webecpol.esade.edu\/en\/blog\/the-european-parliaments-proposal-on-carbon-pricing-cbam-bottlenecks-positive-aspects-and-what-it-does-not-resolve\/","title":{"rendered":"The European Parliament&#8217;s proposal on carbon pricing (CBAM): bottlenecks, positive aspects and what it does not resolve"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>In one sentence: the initial report by Mohammed\u00a0Chahim\u00a0(European Parliament) to the Commission&#8217;s proposal to price importers&#8217; emissions\u00a0features\u00a0some interesting developments but will face numerous political bottlenecks and, above all, does not tackle the fundamental problems of the EU Executive&#8217;s proposal.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">On the eve of Epiphany,\u00a0we\u00a0received\u00a0the gift of <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/MChahim\/status\/1478664374936080392\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the draft report<\/a> sent by Mohammed\u00a0Chahim, MEP, to the European Parliament, in which he sets out his modifications to <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/en\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0564\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the European Commission&#8217;s proposal on the carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM).<\/a><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Europe currently maintains an emission allowance market (ETS) in which local industries purchase emission allowances at a\u00a0specific\u00a0price, which, in theory, ensures that the final value of goods on the market incorporates the cost of emitting CO2. But as the European market is open to imports,\u00a0specific\u00a0sectors maintain exemptions (in the form of free allocation of emission permits)\u00a0to\u00a0compete against outsiders who pay no price for their emissions. The CBAM was created\u00a0to eliminate\u00a0these exemptions and\u00a0level\u00a0the playing field. By\u00a0placing an entry tax on certain imported products according to their production process emissions, the price paid for emissions by non-European industries will be equalized with that of local\u00a0sectors, facilitating the gradual elimination of free emission allowance allocations because European producers would no longer need them.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The report to Parliament on the current content of the Commission&#8217;s CBAM proposal is ambitious in its environmental aspect: it goes further in terms of the speed of withdrawal of the free allocation; it widens the range of products included (plastics and hydrogen, primarily)\u00a0and also\u00a0the scope (indirect emissions from electricity use); and it still leaves out export exemptions.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In addition, it proposes to recycle all revenues towards industrial decarbonization in the least developed countries (although it remains to be seen how much is finally collected if the mechanism is not as effective) and eliminates the option of recognizing implicit CO2 prices (as in <a href=\"https:\/\/ielp.worldtradelaw.net\/2021\/12\/guest-post-the-worst-of-two-worlds-why-the-us-blueprint-for-a-transatlantic-climate-club-authored-by.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the US proposal<\/a>). To a large extent, it takes up <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/articles\/best-practice-border-carbon-adjustment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aaron\u00a0Cosbey&#8217;s\u00a0recommendations<\/a>, standards that are highly valued by the international community.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">However, some analysts consider that this high ambition, not shared by many other members of Parliament, is a bargaining position, so the final version is likely to be downgraded. But, in any case, the negotiation seems quite complicated. These are the main bottlenecks to be anticipated:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2192 Accelerating the free withdrawal of allowances (to 2028) without\u00a0clarifying how CBAM will\u00a0work will\u00a0indeed\u00a0be\u00a0vigorously\u00a0attacked by the European industry. In the case of cement,\u00a0the proposal is to immediately eliminate the free allocation (in 2025), which,\u00a0as we have already mentioned in the past,\u00a0is something that makes sense for\u00a0central Europe (which has no competition from imports because of transport costs), but not for the Mediterranean or Eastern European countries, which are very exposed to clinker\u00a0imports.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2192 Regarding the export exemption,\u00a0Chahim\u00a0proposes to produce a report in 2026 assessing the risk of emissions leakage from exports, which is\u00a0equivalent\u00a0to knocking the ball forward (or diplomatically taking the ball off the table) on a very sensitive issue for the exporting sectors: given that there is no exemption, cement, or petrochemicals will particularly suffer from accelerated withdrawal, as it will not allow them to compete on international markets.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2192 The way indirect emissions are calculated (starting from a reference plant) makes it impossible to\u00a0purchase\u00a0renewable energy (real or virtual through certificates) to avoid paying the CBAM. This may be discriminatory in the face of the WTO.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2192 The inclusion of hydrogen will be especially\u00a0questioned\u00a0by\u00a0countries planning to export to the EU blue hydrogen (based on natural gas), currently much more competitive than green hydrogen (based on water electrolysis). This could be the case of the United Kingdom or the Arab countries. However, it does not include indirect methane emissions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">On the other hand, there are at least three aspects in which\u00a0Chahim&#8217;s\u00a0contribution could be a substantial improvement over the Commission&#8217;s proposal, although all of them come with important nuances to consider:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2192 The inclusion of plastics solves one of the problems\u00a0raised initially: their competition with\u00a0aluminium. True, in return,\u00a0it entails more technical complexity in calculating the associated emissions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2192 Ensuring that all revenues go to less developed countries will facilitate international acceptance of this measure. But in principle,\u00a0it reduces the share available for the European budget (including the Next Generation payment) and the Innovation Fund. However,\u00a0the final amount will also depend on the total collected (which would increase if the end of the free allocation is accelerated).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2192 Finally, a complex issue is governance: it is proposed to create a European authority to manage the CBAM,\u00a0which\u00a0goes against the usual\u00a0practice. It\u00a0is the member states that collect the import tariffs. The rationale, although diplomatically formulated, is to avoid national interference; but the same could apply to any other customs management.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">But, despite these changes,\u00a0Chahim&#8217;s\u00a0proposal still does not solve what for us are the main problems of the European proposal:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2192 The way emissions are calculated by default remains the same, a disadvantage for the most polluting European producers and an advantage for the dirtiest international producers.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2192 Although it eliminates the possibility of &#8220;artificially certifying&#8221; renewable energy, this,\u00a0as we have said,\u00a0is questionable to be WTO compatible. Thus, the avenues remain open to disguise emissions from imports with certificates and thus escape the mechanism without emissions reductions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u2192 Finally, with its new format,\u00a0it is still possible to shift imports to manufactured products (such as cars) to avoid the CBAM.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">All this and more we pointed out with the in-depth<a href=\"https:\/\/www.esade.edu\/ecpol\/es\/publicaciones\/como-poner-precio-al-co2-de-las-importaciones-en-europa-una-perspectiva-desde-espana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> policy insight<\/a> analysis we published last December. If it does not address these challenges, the new emissions pricing system risks being born battered.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In one sentence: the initial report by Mohammed\u00a0Chahim\u00a0(European Parliament) to the Commission&#8217;s proposal to price importers&#8217; emissions\u00a0features\u00a0some interesting developments but will face numerous political bottlenecks and, above all, does not tackle the fundamental problems of the EU Executive&#8217;s proposal.\u00a0 On the eve of Epiphany,\u00a0we\u00a0received\u00a0the gift of the draft report sent by Mohammed\u00a0Chahim, MEP, to the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6531,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The European Parliament&#039;s proposal on carbon pricing (CBAM): bottlenecks, positive aspects and what it does not resolve - 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